[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":403},["ShallowReactive",2],{"\u002Fblog\u002Fkeigo-basics":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":389,"extension":390,"igVideoUrl":391,"meta":392,"navigation":393,"path":394,"publishedAt":395,"seo":396,"stem":397,"tags":398,"__hash__":402},"blog\u002Fblog\u002Fkeigo-basics.md","日文敬語入門：尊敬語、謙讓語、丁寧語到底差在哪？",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":377},"minimark",[9,14,26,30,60,63,67,73,150,153,164,171,175,181,255,258,262,265,319,322,325,331,335,338,341,366,369,374],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"敬語為什麼會搞混","敬語為什麼會搞混？",[15,16,17,18,22,23],"p",{},"日文敬語常被拆成三類：",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"尊敬語（そんけいご）、謙讓語（けんじょうご）、丁寧語（ていねいご）","。很多學習者背過對照表，實際開口卻不知道該用哪一種——原因通常不是記不住單字，而是沒抓到三者背後真正的判斷邏輯：",[19,24,25],{},"敬語用哪一種，取決於「被抬高／放低的是誰的動作」，不是單純的「禮貌程度」。",[10,27,29],{"id":28},"判斷原則先問動作的主角是誰","判斷原則：先問「動作的主角是誰」",[31,32,33,44,54],"ul",{},[34,35,36,39,40,43],"li",{},[19,37,38],{},"尊敬語","：抬高",[19,41,42],{},"對方","（聽者、話題中的人）的動作或所有物，表示尊敬",[34,45,46,49,50,53],{},[19,47,48],{},"謙讓語","：放低",[19,51,52],{},"自己","的動作或所有物，透過謙虛間接襯托對方",[34,55,56,59],{},[19,57,58],{},"丁寧語","：不涉及「抬高／放低」任何一方，單純讓整句話聽起來有禮貌，對誰都能用",[15,61,62],{},"換句話說，尊敬語跟謙讓語處理的是「誰做了這個動作」，丁寧語處理的是「這句話說出來禮不禮貌」，三者可以同時出現在同一句話裡。",[10,64,66],{"id":65},"_1-尊敬語抬高對方的動作","1. 尊敬語：抬高對方的動作",[15,68,69,70,72],{},"尊敬語用在描述",[19,71,42],{},"（長輩、上司、客人）的動作時，讓對方的行為顯得更受尊重。常見動詞會整個換成特殊的敬語動詞，而不是單純加詞綴：",[74,75,76,91],"table",{},[77,78,79],"thead",{},[80,81,82,86,88],"tr",{},[83,84,85],"th",{},"一般形",[83,87,38],{},[83,89,90],{},"中文意思",[92,93,94,106,117,128,139],"tbody",{},[80,95,96,100,103],{},[97,98,99],"td",{},"食べる（たべる）",[97,101,102],{},"召し上がる（めしあがる）",[97,104,105],{},"吃",[80,107,108,111,114],{},[97,109,110],{},"見る（みる）",[97,112,113],{},"ご覧になる（ごらんになる）",[97,115,116],{},"看",[80,118,119,122,125],{},[97,120,121],{},"言う（いう）",[97,123,124],{},"おっしゃる",[97,126,127],{},"說",[80,129,130,133,136],{},[97,131,132],{},"来る（くる）／行く（いく）",[97,134,135],{},"いらっしゃる",[97,137,138],{},"來／去",[80,140,141,144,147],{},[97,142,143],{},"する",[97,145,146],{},"なさる",[97,148,149],{},"做",[15,151,152],{},"沒有特殊敬語動詞的一般動詞，可以套用固定句型「お＋ます形＋になる」：",[31,154,155,158,161],{},[34,156,157],{},"話す → お話しになる（説話）",[34,159,160],{},"書く → お書きになる（寫）",[34,162,163],{},"待つ → お待ちになる（等待）",[15,165,166,167,170],{},"名詞的尊敬語則是在",[19,168,169],{},"對方的所有物或相關事物","前面加上「お／ご」，例如お名前（尊姓大名）、ご住所（貴府地址）、お仕事（貴事業）——重點是這些名詞指的是「對方」的東西，不是隨便什麼名詞都能套用。",[10,172,174],{"id":173},"_2-謙讓語放低自己的動作","2. 謙讓語：放低自己的動作",[15,176,177,178,180],{},"謙讓語用在描述",[19,179,52],{},"對長輩或上司做的動作，透過放低自己，間接抬高對方。同樣有一批固定的特殊謙讓語動詞：",[74,182,183,193],{},[77,184,185],{},[80,186,187,189,191],{},[83,188,85],{},[83,190,48],{},[83,192,90],{},[92,194,195,204,215,224,235,246],{},[80,196,197,199,202],{},[97,198,121],{},[97,200,201],{},"申し上げる（もうしあげる）",[97,203,127],{},[80,205,206,209,212],{},[97,207,208],{},"行く（いく）／来る（くる）",[97,210,211],{},"参る（まいる）",[97,213,214],{},"去／來",[80,216,217,219,222],{},[97,218,110],{},[97,220,221],{},"拝見する（はいけんする）",[97,223,116],{},[80,225,226,229,232],{},[97,227,228],{},"会う（あう）",[97,230,231],{},"お目にかかる（おめにかかる）",[97,233,234],{},"見面",[80,236,237,240,243],{},[97,238,239],{},"食べる／飲む（たべる／のむ）",[97,241,242],{},"いただく",[97,244,245],{},"吃／喝",[80,247,248,250,253],{},[97,249,143],{},[97,251,252],{},"いたす",[97,254,149],{},[15,256,257],{},"謙讓語也有專門的自謙名詞，用來稱呼跟自己相關、要在對方面前放低姿態的人事物，例如弊社（へいしゃ，敝公司）、小生（しょうせい，鄙人）、拙宅（せったく，寒舍）。這類自謙名詞是固定詞彙，跟尊敬語「隨意加お／ご」的邏輯不一樣，不能用同樣的規則類推。",[10,259,261],{"id":260},"_3-丁寧語對誰都能用的禮貌語","3. 丁寧語：對誰都能用的禮貌語",[15,263,264],{},"丁寧語是最基本、使用範圍最廣的敬語形式，只要把動詞改成ます形、名詞句尾加です，不管對方地位高低都適用，是日常對話與初級日文最先學到的敬語：",[74,266,267,277],{},[77,268,269],{},[80,270,271,273,275],{},[83,272,85],{},[83,274,58],{},[83,276,90],{},[92,278,279,288,297,308],{},[80,280,281,283,286],{},[97,282,99],{},[97,284,285],{},"食べます",[97,287,105],{},[80,289,290,292,295],{},[97,291,110],{},[97,293,294],{},"見ます",[97,296,116],{},[80,298,299,302,305],{},[97,300,301],{},"行く（いく）",[97,303,304],{},"行きます",[97,306,307],{},"去",[80,309,310,313,316],{},[97,311,312],{},"学生だ（がくせいだ）",[97,314,315],{},"学生です",[97,317,318],{},"是學生",[15,320,321],{},"丁寧語不判斷「動作是誰做的」，單純是語氣禮貌與否，所以尊敬語、謙讓語的句子最後通常也會搭配ます結尾，三種敬語其實是同時運作、互相搭配的，不是三選一。",[10,323,324],{"id":324},"常見混淆點",[15,326,327,330],{},[19,328,329],{},"尊敬語跟謙讓語最容易搞混的地方，是誤把「謙讓語」用在對方身上","，例如對客人說「こちらの資料を拝見してください」，聽起來像是要客人謙虛地看資料，但「拝見する」是放低自己的謙讓語，不能用在請對方做的動作上，正確說法應該是尊敬語「こちらの資料をご覧になってください」或「ご覧ください」。判斷時務必先確認「動作的主角是我還是對方」，再決定用尊敬語還是謙讓語。",[10,332,334],{"id":333},"練習填入正確的敬語形式","練習：填入正確的敬語形式",[15,336,337],{},"蓋住答案自己想想看：",[15,339,340],{},"1.（尊敬語）老師「說」了什麼 → 先生が何を（　　　）\n2.（尊敬語）您要不要「看」這份資料 → こちらの資料を（　　　）ませんか\n3.（謙讓語）我明天會「去」貴公司拜訪 → 明日、御社に（　　　）\n4.（謙讓語）我已經「看」過那份合約了 → その契約書はすでに（　　　）ました\n5.（丁寧語）我每天「讀」書 → 毎日、本を（　　　）",[342,343,344,348],"details",{},[345,346,347],"summary",{},"答案",[349,350,351,354,357,360,363],"ol",{},[34,352,353],{},"おっしゃいました（言う → おっしゃる 的過去式）",[34,355,356],{},"ご覧になり（見る → ご覧になる）",[34,358,359],{},"参ります（行く → 参る）",[34,361,362],{},"拝見し（見る → 拝見する）",[34,364,365],{},"読みます（読む → 読みます）",[10,367,368],{"id":368},"一句話記住判斷原則",[15,370,371],{},[19,372,373],{},"先問「動作是誰做的」：對方的動作用尊敬語抬高對方；自己的動作用謙讓語放低自己；不確定主角是誰、或只是想讓整句話聽起來有禮貌，就用丁寧語。",[15,375,376],{},"敬語是日文裡出了名難掌握的一塊，因為它考驗的不只是單字量，還有對「說話對象是誰、動作主角是誰」的敏感度。建議先把丁寧語練到穩，再慢慢把常見的尊敬語、謙讓語動詞當成固定詞彙背起來，累積到一定數量後，語感自然會抓到。",{"title":378,"searchDepth":379,"depth":379,"links":380},"",2,[381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388],{"id":12,"depth":379,"text":13},{"id":28,"depth":379,"text":29},{"id":65,"depth":379,"text":66},{"id":173,"depth":379,"text":174},{"id":260,"depth":379,"text":261},{"id":324,"depth":379,"text":324},{"id":333,"depth":379,"text":334},{"id":368,"depth":379,"text":368},"尊敬語、謙讓語、丁寧語是日文敬語的三大支柱，很多學習者背了單字卻搞不清楚該用哪一種。這篇用「誰的動作被抬高」的角度拆解三者差異，附常用動詞對照表與練習題。","md",null,{},true,"\u002Fblog\u002Fkeigo-basics","2026-07-22",{"title":5,"description":389},"blog\u002Fkeigo-basics",[399,400,401],"敬語","文法教學","中高級日文","CPLgo0MzfcjCdGhZ6aku9p2Dpk3XJbsg4GfvlySUGcw",1783131230219]